Environmental Systems and Societies revision.

What you can use

Read topic notes, review flashcards and attempt original practice questions. Compare your written answers with suggested markschemes and solutions. Relevant quantitative lessons include equation references.

Choose your study level inside the workspace. HL extensions are labelled and filtered by level.

Topics and guidance

• Perspectives and environmental values
• Systems, feedback and resilience
• Sustainability and indicators
• Populations, niches and interactions
• Food webs, productivity and energy
• Carbon and nitrogen cycles
• Climate, biomes and environmental gradients
• Succession and ecosystem recovery
• Biodiversity, evolution and measurement
• Threats, extinction and conservation priorities
• Protected areas, restoration and conservation
• Hydrological cycle and catchments
• Water access, scarcity and management
• Aquatic food systems and fisheries
• Water pollution and eutrophication
• Soil structure, fertility and degradation
• Agriculture, food choices and food security
• Land-use change and restoration
• Atmosphere and planetary energy balance
• Climate-change drivers, impacts and risk
• Climate mitigation and adaptation
• Stratospheric ozone and atmospheric pollution
• Natural resources and sustainable management
• Energy sources, use and transition
• Waste, circularity and material flows
• Human populations and demographic change
• Urban systems and sustainable planning
• Urban air pollution and management
• Environmental law · HL
• Environmental and ecological economics · HL
• Environmental ethics and justice · HL
• Investigation design, data and evaluation

Coverage and course references

Broad original revision across eight themes, the three HL lenses and investigation skills. Lesson organization is a teaching arrangement, not a certified map of every official syllabus statement. HL lens lessons are marked; detailed within-topic HL extensions remain a gap.

Check the detailed course map and assessment references for the specification covered. Later exam sessions may use a revised syllabus. Notes and practice have not been independently verified throughout.

Official IB course reference →